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Case Series
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| Frequent use of stun gun may be associated with vibration-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon: A case series | ||||||
| Hafez Ghaheri1, Mehrdad Karimi2, Shervin Assari3,4 | ||||||
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1Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. 3Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 4Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | ||||||
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| How to cite this article: |
| Ghaheri H, Karimi M, Assari S. Frequent use of stun gun may be associated with vibration-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon: A case series. International Journal of Case Reports and Images 2014;5(2):95–98. |
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Abstract
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Introduction:
Stun guns are energy-conducting weapons that are becoming more frequently used by law enforcement officials to subdue combative individuals, or civilians for the case of security. Although complications related to stun guns are well known for the victim, less is known about stun guns complications among their users.
Case Report: In this case series, we reported vibration-induced Raynaud’s phenomenon in four individuals who were recurrent users of stun guns. Two patients were male and two were female. Symptoms varied from moderate to severe. Although both hands were involved, symptoms were more severe in the right hand. Nifedipine was prescribed for all cases. Two patients received Losartan, as well. All patients reported a decrease in their symptoms in follow-up visits. Conclusion: While further research is needed, clinicians should remain vigilant to stun gun usage as a possible cause of Raynaud’s phenomenon. | |
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Keywords:
Raynaud’s phenomenon, Vibration, Stun gun
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Author Contributions:
Hafez Ghaheri – Substantial contributions to conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting the article, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be published Mehrdad Karimi – Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting the article, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be published Shervin Assari – Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting the article, Revising it critically for important intellectual content, Final approval of the version to be published |
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Guarantor of submission
The corresponding author is the guarantor of submission. |
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Source of support
None |
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Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest. |
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Copyright
© Hafez Ghaheri et al. 2014; This article is distributed the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any means provided the original authors and original publisher are properly credited. (Please see Copyright Policy for more information.) |
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About The Authors
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