Granular lymphoblast in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A rare morphology

Abstract is not required for Clinical Imagesis not required for Clinical Images (This page in not part of the published article.) International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 7 No. 11, November 2016. ISSN – [0976-3198] Int J Case Rep Images 2016;7(11):770–772. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com Mohamed et al. 770 CASE REPORT OPEN ACCESS Granular lymphoblast in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A rare morphology Shehab Fareed Mohamed, Dina Sameh Soliman, Firyal Ibrahim Helmy, Mohamed Yassin


CASE REPORT
We report 19-year-old male presented to emergency room with seven days history of fever, sweating, fatigue. His clinical examination revealed pallor otherwise no abnormality detected.
The patient underwent bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. The smear showed hypercellular. Almost all the cells seen were blast cells comprising approximately 90% of the total element. Morphologically heterogeneous of variable size range from small to large, variable Nucleus to cytoplasm N/C ratio and chromatin pattern , some with one or more nucleoli. Many blast with irregular nuclear contour and some with cytoplasmic blebs or protrusions. Substantial number of the blasts showed multiple coarse dark cytoplasmic granules and/or large inclusions (Figures 1 and 2) In the aspirate normal trilineage hematopoiesis is suppressed with some dysplastic forms. Flow cytometry (FCM) revealed approximately 80% blast cells expressing CD19 CD34, CD10, and cytoplasmic CD79a and HLA-DR with partial expression of CD9, Tdt, CD20 and cIgM with partial aberrant expression of CD36.

CLINICAL IMAGES PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS
Bone marrow biopsy is remarkably hypercellular (almost 100% cellularity) and showed infiltration with blast cells, positive for PAX5, CD79a, CD10, CD34 and Tdt. Normal haemopoiesis was suppressed with some atypical megakaryocytes ( Figure 3). Biopsy showed increased T cells as well.  Overall peripheral blood and bone marrow findings were consistent with precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with aberrant partial expression of CD36.

DISCUSSION
Despite the use of cytogenetics and molecular biology for diagnosis and prognosis of acute leukemia, morphology remains a very important clue for each case. In our case, we have found very interesting and rare morphological findings. Granular lymphoblast in patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is important to know about this morphology variant of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and put it in our mind to avoid confusion with acute myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocytic blasts. Sometimes some of the cell can stain Sudan black positive which make it more difficult to distinguish. [1]. It has been reported mainly with male gender, precursor B -ALL subtype same like our patient. The incidence according to literature is 2-7% and mainly during childhood [2,3] and looks like it is connected with Down syndrome [1,4]. One of the features is azurophilic cytoplasmic granules, and it is one of the defining criteria of Granular ALL. We need more than 1% of lymphoblast having at least three or more clearly defined azurophilic granules [5].
The etiology could be due to dysplastic organelles formation and degeneration [1]. It has been also associated with poor outcome, with remission rate of around 50%. [4] CONCLUSION This study showing rare morphological finding. It is still very important to use morphological finding in diagnosis of cases of acute leukemia. However it must be combined by cytochemical and immunohistochemical studies as morphology can be deceptive sometimes. Some morphological finding can be associated with specific presentation, diagnosis and outcome.

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